在人工智能和深度学习领域，GPU 的性能直接影响模型的训练速度和推理效率。随着技术的迅速发展，市场上涌现出多款高性能的 GPU，尤其是英伟达的旗舰产品。

In the field of artificial intelligence and deep learning, the performance of GPUs directly affects the training speed and inference efficiency of models. With the rapid development of technology, several high-performance GPUs have emerged in the market, especially NVIDIA's flagship products.

 

本文将对比四款基于 2020 年后架构的显卡：NVIDIA H100、A100、A6000 和 L40S。通过深入分析这些 GPU 的性能指标，我们将探讨它们在模型训练和推理任务中的适用场景，以帮助用户在选择适合的 GPU 时做出明智的决策。同时，我们还会给出一些实际有哪些知名的公司或项目在使用这几款 GPU。

In this article, we will compare four graphics cards based on post-2020 architectures: the NVIDIA H100, A100, A6000, and L40S. By analyzing in-depth the performance metrics of these GPUs, we will explore scenarios where they can be used for model training and inference tasks, to help users make an informed decision about choosing the right GPU. We'll also give some insights into what well-known companies or projects are actually using these GPUs.

主流几款 GPU 中哪些适合推理？哪些适合训练？

Which of the mainstream GPUs are good for inference? Which are good for training?

那么进行一下指标对比，在 NVIDIA H100、A100、A6000、L40s，这几个GPU 中，分析哪些 GPU更适合 做模型训练任务，哪些 GPU 更适合做推理任务。以下是 NVIDIA H100、A100、A6000、L40s的主要性能指标参数表：

So let's do a metrics comparison and analyze which GPUs are better suited for model training tasks and which GPUs are better suited for inference tasks among the NVIDIA H100, A100, A6000, and L40s GPUs. Below is a table of key performance metrics for the NVIDIA H100, A100, A6000, and L40s:这个表格总结了每个GPU的架构、FP16/FP32计算性能、Tensor Core性能、显存大小、显存类型以及内存带宽，便于比较各个GPU在不同任务场景中的适用性。按照架构来讲，越新的架构肯定性能相对更好，这些架构从旧到新依次是：

This table summarizes each GPU's architecture, FP16/FP32 compute performance, Tensor Core performance, VRAM size, VRAM type, and RAM bandwidth, making it easy to compare each GPU's suitability for different task scenarios. In terms of architecture, the newer the architecture, the better the performance must be, and these architectures are, in order from oldest to newest:

1. Ampere（2020年发布/Released 2020）
2. Ada Lovelace（2022年发布/Released 2022）
3. Hopper（2022年发布/Released 2022）

在选择用于大语言模型（LLM）训练和推理的GPU时，不同GPU有着各自的特性和适用场景。以下将对这些GPU进行分析，探讨它们在模型训练和推理任务中的优劣势，帮助明确不同GPU的应用场景。

When chosen for Large Language Model (LLM) training and inference, different GPUs have their own characteristics and application scenarios. In the following, we will analyze these GPUs and discuss their advantages and disadvantages in model training and reasoning tasks to help clarify the application scenarios of different GPUs.

1、NVIDIA H100

适用场景：

Applicable Scenario:

模型训练：H100是目前NVIDIA最先进的GPU，设计专门用于大规模AI训练。它拥有超强的计算能力、超大的显存和极高的带宽，能够处理海量数据，特别适合训练GPT、BERT等大规模语言模型。其Tensor Core性能尤为出色，能够极大加速训练过程。

Model Training: H100 is currently NVIDIA's most advanced GPU designed specifically for large-scale AI training. It has superb computing power, large video memory and extremely high bandwidth, capable of handling massive amounts of data, and is especially suitable for training large-scale language models such as GPT and BERT. Its Tensor Core performance is particularly good, and can greatly accelerate the training process.

推理：H100的性能也能轻松应对推理任务，尤其在处理超大模型时表现优异。但由于其高能耗和成本，一般只在需要极高并发量或实时性要求下用于推理任务。

Reasoning: The H100's performance can also handle reasoning tasks with ease, especially when dealing with very large models. However, due to its high power consumption and cost, it is generally only used for inference tasks that require very high concurrency or real-time requirements.

实际用例

Practical use cases

Inflection AI：在微软和 Nvidia 的支持下，Inflection AI 计划使用22,000 个 Nvidia H100 计算 GPU（可能与 Frontier 超级计算机的性能相媲美）构建一个超级计算机集群。该集群标志着 Inflection AI 对产品（尤其是其 AI 聊天机器人 Pi）扩展速度和能力的战略投资。Meta：为了支持其开源通用人工智能 (AGI) 计划，Meta 计划在 2024 年底前购买 350,000 个 Nvidia H100 GPU。Meta 的大量投资源于其增强先进 AI 功能和可穿戴 AR 技术基础设施的雄心。

Inflection AI: With support from Microsoft and Nvidia, Inflection AI plans to build a supercomputer cluster using 22,000 Nvidia H100 compute GPUs, potentially rivaling the performance of the Frontier supercomputer. The cluster marks Inflection AI's strategic investment in scaling the speed and capabilities of its products, particularly its AI chatbot, Pi.Meta: In support of its Open Source General Artificial Intelligence (AGI) initiative, Meta plans to purchase 350,000 Nvidia H100 GPUs by the end of 2024.Meta's significant investment comes as a result of its efforts to enhance its advanced AI capabilities and wearable AR. Meta's significant investment stems from its ambition to enhance its advanced AI capabilities and wearable AR technology infrastructure.

2、NVIDIA A100

适用场景：

Applicable Scenario:

模型训练：A100是数据中心AI训练的主力GPU，特别是在混合精度训练中具有极强的表现。其较高的显存和带宽使得它在处理大型模型和大批量训练任务时表现卓越。

Model Training: The A100 is the workhorse GPU for AI training in data centers, and is especially strong in mixed-precision training. Its higher video memory and bandwidth allow it to excel in handling large models and high-volume training tasks.

推理：A100的高计算能力和显存也使其非常适合推理任务，特别是在需要处理复杂神经网络和大规模并发请求时表现优异。

Reasoning: The A100's high compute power and graphics memory also make it well suited for reasoning tasks, especially when it needs to handle complex neural networks and large-scale concurrent requests.

实际用例

Practical use cases

Microsoft Azure：Microsoft Azure 将 A100 GPU 集成到其服务中，以促进公共云中的高性能计算和 AI 可扩展性。这种集成支持各种应用程序，从自然语言处理到复杂的数据分析。NVIDIA 的 Selene 超级计算机：Selene 是一款NVIDIA DGX SuperPOD 系统，采用 A100 GPU，在 AI 研究和高性能计算 (HPC) 中发挥了重要作用。值得注意的是，它在科学模拟和 AI 模型的训练时间方面创下了纪录——Selene 在最快工业超级计算机 Top500 榜单中排名第 5。

Microsoft Azure: Microsoft Azure integrates A100 GPUs into its services to facilitate high-performance computing and AI scalability in the public cloud. This integration supports a wide range of applications, from natural language processing to complex data analytics. NVIDIA' s Selene Supercomputer: Selene is an NVIDIA DGX SuperPOD system with A100 GPUs that plays an important role in AI research and high-performance computing (HPC). Notably, it has set records for training times for scientific simulations and AI models - Selene is ranked No. 5 on the Top500 list of fastest industrial supercomputers.

3、NVIDIA A6000

适用场景：

Applicable Scenario:

模型训练：A6000在工作站环境中是非常合适的选择，特别是在需要大显存的情况下。虽然它的计算能力不如A100或H100，但对于中小型模型的训练已经足够。其显存也能支持较大模型的训练任务。

Model Training: The A6000 is a very suitable choice in a workstation environment, especially if large video memory is required. Although it does not have the same computing power as the A100 or H100, it is sufficient for training small to medium sized models. Its graphics memory can also support training tasks for larger models.

推理：A6000的显存和性能使其成为推理的理想选择，尤其是在需要处理较大的输入或高并发推理的场景中，能提供平衡的性能和显存支持。

Reasoning: The A6000's graphics memory and performance make it ideal for reasoning, especially in scenarios where larger inputs need to be processed or where highly concurrent reasoning is required, providing balanced performance and graphics memory support.

实际用例

Practical use cases

拉斯维加斯球顶巨幕：拉斯维加斯的球顶巨幕使用了 150 个 NVIDIA A6000 GPU，供其处理和渲染球顶巨幕需要显示的动画内容。

Las Vegas Dome: The Las Vegas dome uses 150 NVIDIA A6000 GPUs to process and render the animations that the dome needs to display.

4、 NVIDIA L40s

适用场景：

Applicable Scenario:

 

模型训练：L40s为工作站设计，并且在计算能力和显存上有较大提升，适合中型到大型模型的训练，尤其是当需要较强的图形处理和AI训练能力结合时。

Model Training: The L40s is designed for workstations and has a large increase in computing power and graphics memory, making it suitable for medium to large model training, especially when a combination of strong graphics processing and AI training capabilities are required.

推理：L40s的强大性能和大显存使其非常适合高性能推理任务，尤其是在工作站环境下的复杂推理任务。如下图所示，虽然 L40s 的价格比 A100 要低，但是在文生图模型的测试中，它的性能表现比 A100 要高 1.2 倍，这完全是由于其Ada Lovelace Tensor Cores 和 FP8 精度所致。

Reasoning: The power and large graphics memory of the L40s make it well suited for high-performance reasoning tasks, especially complex reasoning tasks in a workstation environment. As shown in the chart below, although the L40s is less expensive than the A100, it outperforms the A100 by a factor of 1.2 in tests of Vincennes graphical models, due solely to its Ada Lovelace Tensor Cores and FP8 accuracy.

实际用例

Practical use cases

动画工作室：NVIDIA L40S 被广泛应用于动画工作室的3D 渲染和复杂视觉效果。其处理高分辨率图形和大量数据的先进功能使其成为媒体和游戏公司制作详细动画和视觉内容的理想选择。医疗保健和生命科学：医疗保健机构正在利用 L40S 进行基因组分析和医学成像。GPU 在处理大量数据方面的效率正在加速遗传学研究，并通过增强的成像技术提高诊断准确性。

Animation Studios: The NVIDIA L40S is widely used in animation studios for 3D rendering and complex visual effects. Its advanced capabilities for handling high-resolution graphics and large amounts of data make it ideal for detailed animation and visual content for media and gaming companies. Healthcare and Life Sciences: Healthcare organizations are utilizing the L40S for genomic analysis and medical imaging. the GPU's efficiency in handling large amounts of data is accelerating genetics research and improving diagnostic accuracy through enhanced imaging techniques.

结论

Conclusions

• 更推荐用于模型训练的GPU：

GPUs are more recommended for model training:

• H100 和 A100 是目前训练大规模模型（如GPT-3、GPT-4等）的最佳选择，拥有顶级的计算能力、显存和带宽。H100在性能上超越了A100，但A100仍然是当前大规模AI训练中的主力。

The H100 and A100 are currently the best choices for training large-scale models (e.g., GPT-3, GPT-4, etc.) with top-notch compute power, video memory, and bandwidth. The H100 outperforms the A100 in terms of performance, but the A100 is still the workhorse of large-scale AI training today.

• A6000 可以在工作站环境中进行中小型模型的训练。

The A6000 allows for small to medium sized models to be trained in a workstation environment.

• L40S ：提供均衡的性能，具有出色的 FP32 和 Tensor Core 功能，但在模型训练方面，仍然还是 H100、A100 更强。

The L40S offers balanced performance with excellent FP32 and Tensor Core features, but it's still the H100 and A100 that are stronger when it comes to model training.

• 更推荐用于推理的GPU：

GPUs are more recommended for inference:

• A6000 和 L40s 是推理任务的理想选择，提供了强大的性能和显存，能够高效处理大模型的推理。

The A6000 and L40s are ideal for inference tasks, offering powerful performance and graphics memory to efficiently handle inference for large models.

• A100 和 H100 在超大规模并发或实时推理任务中表现优异，但由于其成本相对更高一些，如果只用于推理场景，有些浪费性能，不能物尽其用。

The A100 and H100 perform well in hyper-scale concurrent or real-time inference tasks, but due to their relatively higher cost, they are a bit of a waste of performance if used only in inference scenarios and do not make the best use of their resources.

另外，要做大模型的训练必定会需要多张GPU，那么这时候就需要用到 NVIDIA 推出的 NLink 技术。NVLink 通常存在于高端和数据中心级 GPU，但是像 L40s 这样的专业卡不支持 NVLink 的。所以不太适合去做相对复杂的大型模型的训练任务，只建议用单卡训练一些小模型。所以这里更推荐把L40s用于推理任务。在这里H100是相对最前沿的 GPU 卡型，虽然后来 NVIDIA 发布了 B200，但是这款 GPU 暂时还未大规模在市场上得到应用。像 H100 这种 GPU 实际上既适合做模型训练，也适合做推理，但是 H100 的成本会比较高，性能也比较好，如果只用在推理任务上有些大材小用。我们以上给出的结论都是基于指标层面，并结合了一些实际用例，大家在选型的过程中还需要结合成本来看。相对于购买 GPU 自己搭建服务器，我们更推荐使用GPU 云服务，一方面它的成本比购买 GPU 更便宜，只需要几分钟就可以开启 GPU 实例，另一方面，个别 GPU 云服务平台还会提供适合团队协作开发的云环境，包括 Jupyter notebook、模型部署等功能。大家可以参考 DigitalOcean GPU 云服务器定价来看，DigitalOcean 部分型号既提供单卡也提供 8卡的配置，比如 H100 。

In addition, training large models will require multiple GPUs, which is where NVIDIA's NLink technology comes in. NVLink is usually found in high-end and datacenter-class GPUs, but professional cards like the L40s don't support NVLink. NVLink is usually found in high-end and datacenter-class GPUs, but professional cards like the L40s do not support NVLink, so it's not suitable for relatively complex large model training tasks, and it's only recommended to use a single card to train small models. It is recommended to use the L40s for inference tasks. The H100 is the most cutting-edge GPU here, and although NVIDIA has since released the B200, this GPU has yet to be used on a large scale in the market. GPUs like the H100 are actually suitable for both model training and inference, but the H100's higher cost and better performance make it a bit of an overkill for inference tasks. The conclusions we have given above are based on the index level, and combined with some practical use cases, you also need to look at the cost in the selection process. On one hand, it is cheaper than buying GPUs, and it only takes a few minutes to open a GPU instance. On the other hand, individual GPU cloud service platforms also provide cloud environments suitable for collaborative team development, including Jupyter notebook, model deployment, etc. You can refer to the DigitalOcean GPU cloud service platform for more details. You can refer to DigitalOcean GPU cloud server pricing to see that some DigitalOcean models offer both single card and 8 card configurations, such as H100.

 

以下我们可以先参考单卡GPU 实例的价格：DigitalOcean GPU 云服务是专注 AI 模型训练的云 GPU 服务器租用平台，提供了包括 A5000、A6000、H100 等强大的 GPU 和 IPU 实例，以及透明的定价，可以比其他公共云节省高达70%的计算成本。

Below we can first refer to the price of a single card GPU instance: DigitalOcean GPU Cloud Service is a cloud GPU server rental platform focusing on AI model training, which provides powerful GPU and IPU instances including A5000, A6000, H100, etc., as well as transparent pricing, which can save up to 70% of compute cost compared to other public clouds.

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1)什么是链接?

1) What is a link?

链接是指两个设备之间的连接。它包括用于一个设备能够与另一个设备通信的电缆类型和协议。

A link is a connection between two devices. It includes the types of cables and protocols used for one device to be able to communicate with another.

2)OSI 参考模型的层次是什么?

2) What are the layers of the OSI reference model?

有 7 个 OSI 层：物理层，数据链路层，网络层，传输层，会话层，表示层和应用层。

There are seven OSI layers: the physical layer, the data link layer, the network layer, the transport layer, the session layer, the representation layer, and the application layer.

3)什么是骨干网?

3) What is a backbone network?

骨干网络是集中的基础设施，旨在将不同的路由和数据分发到各种网络。它还处理带宽管理和各种通道。

A backbone network is a centralized infrastructure designed to distribute different routes and data to various networks. It also handles bandwidth management and various channels.

4)什么是 LAN?

4)What is LAN?

LAN 是局域网的缩写。它是指计算机与位于小物理位置的其他网络设备之间的连接。

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is the connection between computers and other network devices located in small physical locations.

5)什么是节点?

5)What is a node?

节点是指连接发生的点。它可以是作为网络一部分的计算机或设备。为了形成网络连接，需要两个或更多个节点。

A node is the point at which a connection occurs. It can be a computer or device that is part of a network. In order to form a network connection, two or more nodes are required.

6)什么是路由器?

6)What is a router?

路由器可以连接两个或更多网段。这些是在其路由表中存储信息的智能网络设备，例如路径，跳数等。有了这个信息，他们就可以确定数据传输的最佳路径。路由器在 OSI 网络层运行。

A router can connect two or more network segments. These are intelligent network devices that store information in their routing tables such as paths, hop counts, etc. With this information, they can determine the best path for data transmission. Routers operate at the OSI network layer.

7)什么是点对点链接?

7) What is point to point link?

它是指网络上两台计算机之间的直接连接。除了将电缆连接到两台计算机的 NIC卡之外，点对点连接不需要任何其他网络设备。

It is a direct connection between two computers on a network. A point-to-point connection does not require any other network equipment other than a cable to connect to the NIC cards of the two computers.

8)什么是匿名 FTP?

8) What is Anonymous FTP?

匿名 FTP 是授予用户访问公共服务器中的文件的一种方式。允许访问这些服务器中的数据的用户不需要识别自己，而是以匿名访客身份登录。

Anonymous FTP is a way to grant users access to files on public servers. Users who are allowed to access data on these servers do not need to identify themselves, but rather log in as an anonymous guest.

9)什么是子网掩码?

9) What is a subnet mask?

子网掩码与 IP 地址组合，以识别两个部分：扩展网络地址和主机地址。像 IP 地址一样，子网掩码由 32 位组成。

A subnet mask is combined with an IP address to identify two components: the extended network address and the host address. Like an IP address, a subnet mask consists of 32 bits.

10)UTP 电缆允许的最大长度是多少?

10) What is the maximum length allowed for UTP cables?

UTP 电缆的单段具有 90 到 100 米的允许长度。这种限制可以通过使用中继器和开关来克服。

A single segment of UTP cable has an allowable length of 90 to 100 meters. This limitation can be overcome by using repeaters and switches.

11)什么是数据封装?

11) What is data encapsulation?

数据封装是在通过网络传输信息之前将信息分解成更小的可管理块的过程。在这个过程中，源和目标地址与奇偶校验一起附加到标题中。

Data encapsulation is the process of breaking information into smaller manageable chunks before transmitting it over a network. In this process, the source and destination addresses are appended to the headers along with parity.

12)描述网络拓扑

12) Describe the network topology

网络拓扑是指计算机网络的布局。它显示了设备和电缆的物理布局，以及它们如何连接到彼此。

Network topology is the layout of a computer network. It shows the physical layout of devices and cables and how they are connected to each other.

13)什么是 VPN?

13)What is VPN?

VPN 意味着虚拟专用网络，这种技术允许通过网络(如 Internet)创建安全通道。

例如，VPN 允许您建立到远程服务器的安全拨号连接。

VPN means Virtual Private Network, a technology that allows the creation of secure channels through a network such as the Internet.

For example, a VPN allows you to establish a secure dial-up connection to a remote server.

14)什么是 NAT？

14) What is NAT?

NAT 是网络地址转换。这是一种协议，为公共网络上的多台计算机提供一种方式来共享到 Internet 的单一连接。

NAT is Network Address Translation. It is a protocol that provides a way for multiple computers on a public network to share a single connection to the Internet.

15)OSI 参考模型下网络层的工作是什么?

15) What is the job of the network layer under the OSI reference model?

网络层负责数据路由，分组交换和网络拥塞控制。路由器在此层下运行。

The network layer is responsible for data routing, packet switching and network congestion control. Routers operate under this layer.

16)网络拓扑如何影响您在建立网络时的决策?

16) How does network topology affect the decisions you make when building a network?

网络拓扑决定了互连设备必须使用什么媒介。它还作为适用于设置的材料，连接器和终端的基础。

The network topology determines what media must be used for interconnecting devices. It also serves as the basis for the materials, connectors, and terminations that apply to the setup.

17)什么是 RIP?

17) What is RIP?

RIP，路由信息协议的简称由路由器用于将数据从一个网络发送到另一个网络。

它通过将其路由表广播到网络中的所有其他路由器来有效地管理路由数据。它以跳数为单位确定网络距离。

RIP, short for Routing Information Protocol, is used by routers to send data from one network to another.

It efficiently manages routing data by broadcasting its routing table to all other routers in the network. It determines the network distance in terms of hops.

18)什么是不同的方式来保护计算机网络?

18) What are different ways to protect a computer network?

有几种方法可以做到这一点。在所有计算机上安装可靠和更新的防病毒程序。确保防火墙的设置和配置正确。用户认证也将有很大的帮助。所有这些组合将构成一个高度安全的网络。

There are several ways to do this. Install a reliable and updated anti-virus program on all computers. Make sure firewalls are set up and configured properly. User authentication will also be of great help. A combination of all these will make up a highly secure network.

19)什么是 NIC?

19) What is a NIC?

NIC 是网络接口卡(网卡)的缩写。这是连接到 PC 以连接到网络。每个 NIC都有自己的 MAC 地址，用于标识网络上的 PC。

NIC stands for Network Interface Card. This is connected to the PC in order to connect to the network. Each NIC has its own MAC address that identifies the PC on the network.

20)什么是 WAN?

20) What is WAN?

WAN 代表广域网。它是地理上分散的计算机和设备的互连。它连接位于不同地区和国家/地区的网络。

WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is the interconnection of geographically dispersed computers and devices. It connects networks located in different regions and countries/regions.

21)OSI 物理层的重要性是什么?

21) What is the importance of OSI physical layer?

物理层进行从数据位到电信号的转换，反之亦然。这是网络设备和电缆类型的考虑和设置。

The physical layer performs the conversion from data bits to electrical signals and vice versa. It is the consideration and setup of network devices and cable types.

22)TCP/IP 下有多少层?

22)How many layers are there under TCP/IP?

有四层：网络层，互联网层，传输层和应用层。

There are four layers: the network layer, the Internet layer, the transport layer and the application layer.

23)什么是代理服务器，它们如何保护计算机网络?

23)What are proxy servers and how do they protect computer networks?

代理服务器主要防止外部用户识别内部网络的 IP 地址。不知道正确的 IP 地址，甚至无法识别网络的物理位置。代理服务器可以使外部用户几乎看不到网络。

Proxy servers mainly prevent external users from recognizing the IP address of an internal network. Without knowing the correct IP address, it is not even possible to recognize the physical location of the network. Proxy servers make the network virtually invisible to external users.

24)OSI 会话层的功能是什么?

24) What is the function of OSI session layer?

该层为网络上的两个设备提供协议和方法，通过举行会话来相互通信。这包括设置会话，管理会话期间的信息交换以及终止会话时的解除过程。

This layer provides protocols and methods for two devices on a network to communicate with each other by holding sessions. This includes setting up the session, managing the exchange of information during the session, and the release process when the session is terminated.

25)实施容错系统的重要性是什么?有限吗?

25) What is the importance of implementing a fault tolerant system? Is it limited?

容错系统确保持续的数据可用性。这是通过消除单点故障来实现的。但是，在某些情况下，这种类型的系统将无法保护数据，例如意外删除。

A fault-tolerant system ensures continuous data availability. This is achieved by eliminating single points of failure. However, in some cases, this type of system will not be able to protect data, such as accidental deletion.

26)10Base-T 是什么意思?

26) What does 10Base-T mean?

10 是指数据传输速率，在这种情况下是 10Mbps。“Base”是指基带。T 表示双绞线，这是用于该网络的电缆。

10 refers to the data transfer rate, in this case 10Mbps. “Base” refers to the baseband, and “T” stands for twisted pair, which is the cable used for the network.

27)什么是私有 IP 地址?

27) What is a private IP address?

专用 IP 地址被分配用于内部网。这些地址用于内部网络，不能在外部公共网络上路由。这些确保内部网络之间不存在任何冲突，同时私有 IP 地址的范围同样可重复使用于多个内部网络，因为它们不会“看到”彼此。

Private IP addresses are assigned for intranet use. These addresses are used for internal networks and cannot be routed on external public networks. These ensure that there are no conflicts between internal networks, and the range of private IP addresses can be reused for multiple internal networks as well, since they do not “see” each other.

28)什么是 NOS?

28) What is NOS?

NOS 或网络操作系统是专门的软件，其主要任务是向计算机提供网络连接，以便能够与其他计算机和连接的设备进行通信。

A NOS or Network Operating System is specialized software whose main task is to provide computers with network connectivity so that they can communicate with other computers and connected devices.

29)什么是 DoS?

29)What is DoS?

DoS 或拒绝服务攻击是试图阻止用户访问互联网或任何其他网络服务。这种攻击可能有不同的形式，由一群永久者组成。这样做的一个常见方法是使系统服务器过载，使其无法再处理合法流量，并将被强制重置。

A DoS or Denial of Service attack is an attempt to prevent a user from accessing the Internet or any other network service. This attack may take different forms and consists of a group of perpetrators. A common way to do this is to overload the system server so that it can no longer handle legitimate traffic and will be forced to reset.

30)什么是 OSI，它在电脑网络中扮演什么角色?

30) What is OSI and which role does it play in computer networking?

OSI(开放系统互连)作为数据通信的参考模型。它由 7 层组成，每层定义了网络设备如何相互连接和通信的特定方面。一层可以处理所使用的物理介质，而另一层则指示如何通过网络实际传输数据。

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) serves as a reference model for data communications. It consists of 7 layers, each defining a specific aspect of how network devices connect and communicate with each other. One layer may deal with the physical media used, while another layer instructs how data is actually transmitted over the network.

31)电缆被屏蔽并具有双绞线的目的是什么?

31) What is the purpose of a cable being shielded and having twisted pairs?

其主要目的是防止串扰。串扰是电磁干扰或噪声，可能影响通过电缆传输的数据。

Its main purpose is to prevent crosstalk. Crosstalk is electromagnetic interference or noise that may affect the data transmitted through the cable.

32)地址共享的优点是什么?

32)What is the advantage of address sharing?

通过使用地址转换而不是路由，地址共享提供了固有的安全性优势。这是因为互联网上的主机只能看到提供地址转换的计算机上的外部接口的公共 IP 地址，而不是内部网络上的私有 IP 地址。

By using address translation rather than routing, address sharing provides an inherent security advantage. This is because hosts on the Internet can only see the public IP address of the external interface on the computer providing address translation, not the private IP address on the internal network.

33)什么是 MAC 地址?

33) What is a MAC address?

MAC 或媒介访问控制，可以唯一地标识网络上的设备。它也被称为物理地址或以太网地址。MAC 地址由 6 个字节组成。

A MAC or Media Access Control uniquely identifies a device on a network. It is also known as a physical address or Ethernet address. a MAC address consists of 6 bytes.

34)在 OSI 参考模型方面，TCP/IP 应用层的等同层或多层是什么?              

34) What is the equivalent layer or layers of the TCP/IP application layer in terms of the OSI reference model?

TCP/IP 应用层实际上在 OSI 模型上具有三个对等体：会话层，表示层和应用层。

The TCP/IP Application Layer actually has three equivalents on the OSI model: the Session Layer, the Representation Layer, and the Application Layer.

35)如何识别给定 IP 地址的 IP 类?

35) How to identify the IP class of a given IP address?

通过查看任何给定 IP 地址的第一个八位字节，您可以识别它是 A 类，B 类还是 C类。如果第一个八位字节以 0 位开头，则该地址为 Class A.如果以位 10 开头，则该地址为 B 类地址。如果从 110 开始，那么它是 C 类网络。

By looking at the first octet of any given IP address, you can identify whether it is class A, B, or C. If the first octet is 0, you can identify the IP class of the address. If the first octet begins with bit 0, the address is Class A. If it begins with bit 10, the address is Class B. If it begins with bit 110, then it is Class A, Class B or Class C. If it begins with bit 10, then it is Class B. If it begins with bit 10, then it is Class B. If it starts with 110, then it is a Class C network.

36)OSPF 的主要目的是什么?

36) What is the main purpose of OSPF?

OSPF 或开放最短路径优先，是使用路由表确定数据交换的最佳路径的链路状态路由协议。

OSPF or Open Shortest Path First is a link-state routing protocol that uses routing tables to determine the best path for data exchange.

37)什么是防火墙?

37)What is a firewall?

防火墙用于保护内部网络免受外部攻击。这些外部威胁可能是黑客谁想要窃取数据或计算机病毒，可以立即消除数据。它还可以防止来自外部网络的其他用户访问专用网络。

Firewalls are used to protect internal networks from external attacks. These external threats could be hackers who want to steal data or computer viruses that can eliminate the data immediately. It also prevents other users from external networks from accessing the private network.

38)描述星形拓扑

38) Describe star topology

星形拓扑由连接到节点的中央集线器组成。这是最简单的设置和维护之一。

A star topology consists of a central hub connected to nodes. It is one of the easiest to set up and maintain.

39)什么是网关?

39)What is a gateway?

网关提供两个或多个网段之间的连接。它通常是运行网关软件并提供翻译服务的计算机。该翻译是允许不同系统在网络上通信的关键。

A gateway provides connectivity between two or more network segments. It is usually a computer that runs gateway software and provides translation services. This translation is what allows different systems to communicate over the network.

40)星型拓扑的缺点是什么?

40) What is the disadvantage of star topology?

星形拓扑的一个主要缺点是，一旦中央集线器或交换机被损坏，整个网络就变得不可用了。

A major disadvantage of a star topology is that once the central hub or switch is damaged, the entire network becomes unavailable.

41)什么是 SLIP?

41) What is SLIP?

SLIP 或串行线路接口协议实际上是在 UNIX 早期开发的旧协议。这是用于远程访问的协议之一。

SLIP or Serial Line Interface Protocol is actually an old protocol developed in the early days of UNIX. It is one of the protocols used for remote access.

42)给出一些私有网络地址的例子。

42) Give some examples of private network addresses.

10.0.0.0，子网掩码为 255.0.0.0

172.16.0.0，子网掩码为 255.240.0.0

10.0.0.0 with subnet mask 255.0.0.0

172.16.0.0 with subnet mask 255.240.0.0

43)什么是 tracert?

43) What is tracert?

Tracert 是一个 Windows 实用程序，可用于跟踪从路由器到目标网络的数据采集的路由。它还显示了在整个传输路由期间采用的跳数。

Tracert is a Windows utility program that can be used to trace the route of a data collection from a router to a target network. It also shows the number of hops employed during the entire transmission route.

44)网络管理员的作用是什么?

44) What is the role of a network administrator?

网络管理员有许多责任，可以总结为 3 个关键功能：安装网络，配置网络设置以及网络的维护/故障排除。

A network administrator has many responsibilities that can be summarized into 3 key functions: installing the network, configuring network settings, and maintaining/troubleshooting the network.

45)描述对等网络的一个缺点。

45)Describe one disadvantage of peer-to-peer networks.

当您正在访问由网络上的某个工作站共享的资源时，该工作站的性能会降低。

When you are accessing a resource that is shared by one of the workstations on the network, the performance of that workstation is degraded.

46)什么是混合网络?

46)What is a hybrid network?

混合网络是利用客户端 - 服务器和对等体系结构的网络设置。

A hybrid network is a network setup that utilizes both client-server and peer-to-peer architectures.

47)什么是 DHCP?

47) What is DHCP?

DHCP 是动态主机配置协议的缩写。其主要任务是自动为网络上的设备分配 IP 地址。它首先检查任何设备尚未占用的下一个可用地址，然后将其分配给网络设备。

DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Its main task is to automatically assign IP addresses to devices on the network. It first checks for the next available address that is not already occupied by any device and then assigns it to a network device.

48)ARP 的主要工作是什么?

48) What is the main job of ARP?

ARP 或地址解析协议的主要任务是将已知的 IP 地址映射到 MAC 层地址。

The main job of ARP or Address Resolution Protocol is to map known IP addresses to MAC layer addresses.

49)什么是 TCP/IP?

49)What is TCP/IP?

TCP/IP 是传输控制协议/互联网协议的缩写。这是一组协议层，旨在在不同类型的计算机网络(也称为异构网络)上进行数据交换。

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. It is a set of protocol layers designed to exchange data over different types of computer networks (also known as heterogeneous networks).

50)如何使用路由器管理网络?

50) How can I use a router to manage my network?

路由器内置了控制台，可让您配置不同的设置，如安全和数据记录。您可以为计算机分配限制，例如允许访问的资源，或者可以浏览互联网的某一天的特定时间。您甚至可以对整个网络中看不到的网站施加限制。

Routers have built-in consoles that allow you to configure different settings such as security and data logging. You can assign restrictions to your computers, such as the resources you are allowed to access, or the specific times of the day you can browse the Internet. You can even impose restrictions on websites that are invisible to the entire network.

51)当您希望在不同平台(如 UNIX 系统和 Windows 服务器之间)传输文件时，可以应用什么协议?

51) What protocols can be used when you want to transfer files between different platforms (e.g. between UNIX systems and Windows servers)?

使用 FTP(文件传输协议)在这些不同的服务器之间进行文件传输。这是可能的，因为 FTP 是平台无关的。

Use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) to transfer files between these different servers. This is possible because FTP is platform independent.

52)默认网关的使用是什么?

52) What is the use of default gateway?

默认网关提供了本地网络连接到外部网络的方法。用于连接外部网络的默认网关通常是外部路由器端口的地址。

The default gateway provides a way for the local network to connect to the external network. The default gateway used to connect to an external network is usually the address of an external router port.

53)保护网络的一种方法是使用密码。什么可以被认为是好的密码?

53)One way to protect your network is to use passwords. What can be considered a good password?

良好的密码不仅由字母组成，还包括字母和数字的组合。结合大小写字母的密码比使用所有大写字母或全部小写字母的密码有利。密码必须不能被黑客很容易猜到，比如日期，姓名，收藏夹等等。

Good passwords consist not only of letters, but also a combination of letters and numbers. Passwords that combine upper and lower case letters are favorable over passwords that use all uppercase letters or all lower case letters. Passwords must not be easily guessed by a hacker, such as dates, names, favorites, and so on.

54)UTP 电缆的正确终止率是多少?

54) What is the correct termination rate for UTP cables?

非屏蔽双绞线网线的正常终止是 100 欧姆。

The normal termination of an unshielded twisted pair network cable is 100 ohms.

55)什么是 netstat?

55)What is netstat?

Netstat 是一个命令行实用程序。它提供有关连接当前 TCP/IP 设置的有用信息。

Netstat is a command line utility program. It provides useful information about the current TCP/IP settings of a connection.

56)C 类网络中的网络 ID 数量是多少?

56)What is the number of network IDs in a Class C network?

对于 C 类网络，可用的网络 ID 位数为 21。可能的网络 ID 数目为 2，提高到 21或 2,097,152。每个网络 ID 的主机 ID 数量为 2，增加到 8 减去 2，或 254。

For Class C networks, the number of network ID bits available is 21. The number of possible network IDs is 2, increasing to 21 or 2,097,152. The number of host IDs per network ID is 2, increasing to 8 minus 2, or 254.

57)使用长于规定长度的电缆时会发生什么?

57) What happens when I use a cable longer than the specified length?

电缆太长会导致信号丢失。这意味着数据传输和接收将受到影响，因为信号长度下降。

Cables that are too long will result in signal loss. This means that data transmission and reception will be affected because the signal length is reduced.

58)什么常见的软件问题可能导致网络缺陷?

58)What common software problems can cause network defects?

软件相关问题可以是以下任何一种或其组合：

客户端服务器问题；应用程序冲突；配置错误；协议不匹配；安全问题；用户政策和权利问题

Software related issues can be any of the following or a combination thereof:

Client server issues; application conflicts; configuration errors; protocol mismatches; security issues; user policy and rights issues

59)什么是 ICMP?

59) What is ICMP?

ICMP 是 Internet 控制消息协议。它为 TCP/IP 协议栈内的协议提供消息传递和通信。这也是管理由 PING 等网络工具使用的错误信息的协议。

ICMP is the Internet Control Message Protocol. It provides messaging and communication for protocols within the TCP/IP stack. It is also the protocol that manages error messages used by network tools such as PING.

60)什么是 Ping?

60) What is Ping?

Ping 是一个实用程序，允许您检查网络上的网络设备之间的连接。您可以使用其IP 地址或设备名称(如计算机名称)ping 设备。

Ping is a utility program that allows you to check the connection between network devices on your network. You can ping a device using its IP address or device name (e.g. computer name).

61)什么是点对点(P2P)?

61) What is peer-to-peer (P2P)?

对等是不在服务器上回复的网络。该网络上的所有 PC 都是单独的工作站。

Peer to peer is a network that does not reply on a server. All PCs on that network are individual workstations.

62)什么是 DNS?

62)What is DNS?

DNS 是域名系统。该网络服务的主要功能是为 TCP/IP 地址解析提供主机名。

DNS is the Domain Name System. The main function of this network service is to provide host names for TCP/IP address resolution.

63)光纤与其他介质有什么优势?

63)What are the advantages of fiber optics over other media?

光纤的一个主要优点是不太容易受到电气干扰。它还支持更高的带宽，意味着可以发送和接收更多的数据。长距离信号降级也非常小。

One of the main advantages of fiber optics is that it is less susceptible to electrical interference. It also supports higher bandwidth, meaning more data can be sent and received. There is also very little signal degradation over long distances.

64)集线器和交换机有什么区别?

64) What is the difference between a hub and a switch?

集线器充当多端口中继器。然而，随着越来越多的设备连接到它，它将无法有效地管理通过它的流量。交换机提供了一个更好的替代方案，可以提高性能，特别是在所有端口上预期有高流量时。

A hub acts as a multi-port repeater. However, as more and more devices are connected to it, it will not be able to effectively manage the traffic passing through it. A switch provides a better alternative and can improve performance, especially when high traffic is expected on all ports.

65)Windows RRAS 服务支持的不同网络协议是什么?

65) What are the different network protocols supported by the Windows RRAS service?

支持三种主要的网络协议：NetBEUI，TCP/IP 和 IPX。

Three major network protocols are supported: NetBEUI, TCP/IP, and IPX.

66)A，B 和 C 类网络中的最大网络和主机是什么?

66) What are the maximum networks and hosts in Class A, B and C networks?

对于 A 类，有 126 个可能的网络和 16,777,214 个主机

对于 B 类，有 16,384 个可能的网络和 65,534 个主机

对于 C 类，有 2,097,152 个可能的网络和 254 个主机

For Class A, there are 126 possible networks and 16,777,214 hosts.

For Class B, there are 16,384 possible networks and 65,534 hosts.

For Class C, there are 2,097,152 possible networks and 254 hosts.

67)直通电缆的标准颜色顺序是什么?

67) What is the standard color sequence for straight-through cables?

橙色/白色，橙色，绿色/白色，蓝色，蓝色/白色，绿色，棕色/白色，棕色。

Orange/white, orange, green/white, blue, blue/white, green, brown/white, brown.

68)什么协议落在 TCP/IP 协议栈的应用层之下?

68)What protocols fall under the application layer of the TCP/IP stack?

以下是 TCP/IP 应用层协议：FTP，TFTP，Telnet 和 SMTP。

The following protocols fall under the application layer of the TCP/IP stack: FTP, TFTP, Telnet, and SMTP.

69)您需要连接两台电脑进行文件共享。是否可以这样做，而不使用集线器或路由器?

69)You need to connect two computers for file sharing. Is it possible to do this without using a hub or router?

是的，您可以使用一根电缆将两台计算机连接在一起。在这种情况下可以使用交叉型电缆。在这种设置中，一条电缆的数据传输引脚连接到另一条电缆的数据接收引脚，反之亦然。

Yes, you can connect two computers together using a single cable. You can use a crossover type cable in this case. In this setup, the data transmission pins of one cable are connected to the data reception pins of the other cable and vice versa.

70)什么是 ipconfig?

70) What is ipconfig?

Ipconfig 是一个常用于识别网络上计算机的地址信息的实用程序。它可以显示物理地址以及 IP 地址。

Ipconfig is a utility program commonly used to identify address information for computers on a network. It displays physical addresses as well as IP addresses.

71)直通和交叉电缆有什么区别?

71) What is the difference between a straight-through and a crossover cable?

直通电缆用于将计算机连接到交换机，集线器或路由器。交叉电缆用于将两个类似设备连接在一起，如 PC 到 PC 或集线器到集线器。

Straight-through cables are used to connect a computer to a switch, hub or router. Crossover cables are used to connect two similar devices together, such as PC to PC or hub to hub.

72)什么是客户端/服务器?

72) What is Client/Server?

客户端/服务器是一种类型的网络，其中一个或多个计算机充当服务器。服务器提供集中的资源库，如打印机和文件。客户端是指访问服务器的工作站。

A client/server is a type of network in which one or more computers act as servers. The server provides a centralized repository of resources such as printers and files. A client is a workstation that accesses a server.

73)描述网络

73) Describe a network

网络是指用于数据通信的计算机和外围设备之间的互连。可以使用有线电缆或通过无线链路进行网络连接。

A network is an interconnection between computers and peripheral devices used for data communication. Network connections can be made using wired cables or through wireless links.

74)将 NIC 卡从一台 PC 移动到另一台 PC 时，MAC 地址是否也被转移?

74)When moving a NIC card from one PC to another, is the MAC address also transferred?

是的，那是因为 MAC 地址是硬连线到 NIC 电路，而不是 PC。这也意味着当 NIC卡被另一个替换时，PC 可以具有不同的 MAC 地址。

Yes, that is because the MAC address is hardwired to the NIC circuit and not to the PC. This also means that the PC can have a different MAC address when the NIC card is replaced by another.

75)解释聚类支持

75) Explain clustering support

群集支持是指网络操作系统在容错组中连接多台服务器的能力。这样做的主要目的是在一台服务器发生故障的情况下，集群中的下一个服务器将继续进行所有处理。

Clustering support is the ability of a network operating system to connect multiple servers in fault tolerant groups. The main purpose of this is that in the event that one server fails, the next server in the cluster will continue all processing.

76)在包含两个服务器和二十个工作站的网络中，安装防病毒程序的最佳位置是哪里?

76) In a network containing two servers and twenty workstations, what is the best place to install an antivirus program?

必须在所有服务器和工作站上安装防病毒程序，以确保保护。这是因为个人用户可以访问任何工作站，并在插入可移动硬盘驱动器或闪存驱动器时引入计算机病毒。

An anti-virus program must be installed on all servers and workstations to ensure protection. This is because an individual user can access any workstation and introduce a computer virus when inserting a removable hard disk drive or flash drive.

77)描述以太网

77) Describe Ethernet

以太网是当今使用的流行网络技术之一。它是在 20 世纪 70 年代初开发的，并且基于 IEEE 中规定的规范。以太网在局域网中使用。

Ethernet is one of the popular networking technologies in use today. It was developed in the early 1970s and is based on specifications laid out in the IEEE. Ethernet is used in local area networks.

78)实现环形拓扑有什么缺点?

78) What are the disadvantages of implementing a ring topology?

如果网络上的一个工作站发生故障，可能会导致整个网络丢失。另一个缺点是，当需要在网络的特定部分进行调整和重新配置时，整个网络也必须被暂时关闭。

If one workstation on the network fails, the entire network may be lost. Another disadvantage is that the entire network must also be temporarily shut down when adjustments and reconfigurations need to be made in specific parts of the network.

79)CSMA/CD 和 CSMA/CA 有什么区别?

79) What is the difference between CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA?

CSMA/CD 或碰撞检测，每当碰撞发生时重新发送数据帧。CSMA/CA 或碰撞避免，将首先在数据传输之前广播意图发送。

CSMA/CD or Collision Detection, retransmits data frames whenever a collision occurs. CSMA/CA or Collision Avoidance, will first broadcast the intent to send before the data is transmitted.

80)什么是 SMTP?

80) What is SMTP?

SMTP 是简单邮件传输协议的缩写。该协议处理所有内部邮件，并在 TCP/IP 协议栈上提供必要的邮件传递服务。

SMTP stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This protocol handles all internal mail and provides the necessary mail delivery services on the TCP/IP stack.

81)什么是组播路由?

81) What is multicast routing?

组播路由是一种有针对性的广播形式，将消息发送到所选择的用户组，而不是将其发送到子网上的所有用户。

Multicast routing is a form of targeted broadcasting that sends messages to a selected group of subscribers rather than sending them to all subscribers on a subnet.

82)加密在网络上的重要性是什么?

82)What is the importance of encryption in networking?

加密是将信息转换成用户不可读的代码的过程。然后使用秘密密钥或密码将其翻译或解密回其正常可读格式。加密有助于确保中途截获的信息仍然不可读，因为用户必须具有正确的密码或密钥。

Encryption is the process of converting a message into a code that is not readable by the user. It is then translated or decrypted back to its normal readable format using a secret key or cipher. Encryption helps to ensure that intercepted messages remain unreadable because the user must have the correct password or key.

83)如何安排和显示 IP 地址?

83) How are IP addresses organized and displayed?

IP 地址显示为一系列由周期或点分隔的四位十进制数字。这种安排的另一个术语是点分十进制格式。一个例子是 192.168.101.2

IP addresses are displayed as a series of four decimal digits separated by periods or dots. Another term for this arrangement is the dotted decimal format. An example is 192.168.101.2

84)解释认证的重要性

84) Explain the importance of authentication

认证是在用户登录网络之前验证用户凭据的过程。它通常使用用户名和密码进行。这提供了限制来自网络上的有害入侵者的访问的安全手段。

Authentication is the process of verifying a user's credentials before they log on to a network. It is usually performed using a username and password. This provides a secure means of limiting access from harmful intruders on the network.

85)隧道模式是什么意思?

85) What does tunnel mode mean?

这是一种数据交换模式，其中两个通信计算机本身不使用 IPSec。相反，将 LAN连接到中转网络的网关创建了一个使用 IPSec 协议来保护通过它的所有通信的虚拟隧道。

This is a mode of data exchange in which the two communicating computers themselves do not use IPSec. instead, the gateway that connects the LAN to the transit network creates a virtual tunnel that uses the IPSec protocol to protect all traffic through it.

86)建立 WAN 链路涉及的不同技术有哪些?

86) What are the different technologies involved in establishing a WAN link?

模拟连接 - 使用常规电话线;数字连接 - 使用数字电话线;交换连接 - 使用发送方和接收方之间的多组链接来移动数据。

Analog connection - uses regular phone lines; Digital connection - uses digital phone lines; Switched connection - uses multiple sets of links between the sender and receiver to move data.

87)网格拓扑的一个优点是什么?

87) What is one advantage of a mesh topology?

在一个链接失败的情况下，总会有另一个链接可用。网状拓扑实际上是最容错的网络拓扑之一。

In the event that one link fails, there is always another link available. Mesh topology is actually one of the most fault-tolerant network topologies.

88)在排除计算机网络问题时，可能会发生什么常见的硬件相关问题?

88)What is a common hardware-related problem that can occur when troubleshooting computer network problems?

大部分网络由硬件组成。这些领域的问题可能包括硬盘故障，NIC 损坏甚至硬件启动。不正确的硬件配置也是其中一个疑难问题。

Most networks consist of hardware. Problems in these areas may include hard disk failures, corrupted NICs or even hardware booting. Incorrect hardware configuration is also one of the troublesome issues.

89)可以做什么来修复信号衰减问题?

89) What can be done to fix the signal degradation problem?

处理这种问题的常见方法是使用中继器和集线器，因为它将有助于重新生成信号，从而防止信号丢失。检查电缆是否正确终止也是必须的。

A common way to deal with this problem is to use repeaters and hubs as it will help to regenerate the signal, thus preventing signal loss. Checking that the cable is properly terminated is also a must.

90)动态主机配置协议如何协助网络管理?

90) How does the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol assist in network management?

网络管理员不必访问每台客户端计算机来配置静态 IP 地址，而是可以应用动态主机配置协议来创建称为可以动态分配给客户端的范围的 IP 地址池。

Instead of a network administrator having to access each client computer to configure static IP addresses, the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol can be applied to create pools of IP addresses called ranges that can be dynamically assigned to clients.

91)解释网络概念的概况?

91) Explain the network concept of profile?

配置文件是为每个用户设置的配置设置。例如，可以创建将用户置于组中的配置文件。

Profiles are configuration settings that are set for each user. For example, profiles can be created that place users in groups.

92)什么是 Sneakernet?

92)What is Sneakernet?

Sneakernet 被认为是最早的联网形式，其中使用可移动介质(如磁盘，磁带)物理传输数据。

Sneakernet is considered to be the earliest form of networking in which removable media (e.g., disks, tapes) are used to physically transfer data.

93)IEEE 在计算机网络中的作用是什么?

93) What is the role of IEEE in computer networking?

IEEE 或电气和电子工程师学会是由电气和电子设备标准发布和管理的工程师组成的组织。这包括网络设备，网络接口，cablings 和连接器。

The IEEE or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is an organization of engineers who publish and manage standards for electrical and electronic equipment. This includes network devices, network interfaces, cablings and connectors.

94)TCP/IP Internet 层下有哪些协议?

94) What are the protocols under the TCP/IP Internet layer?

该层管理的协议有 4 种。这些是 ICMP，IGMP，IP 和 ARP。

There are 4 protocols managed by this layer. These are ICMP, IGMP, IP and ARP.

95)谈到网络，什么是权限?

95)When it comes to networking, what are permissions?

权限是指在网络上执行特定操作的授权许可。网络上的每个用户可以分配个人权限，具体取决于该用户必须允许的内容。

Privileges are authorized permissions to perform specific operations on a network. Each user on the network can be assigned individual permissions depending on what that user must allow.

96)建立 VLAN 的一个基本要求是什么?

96)What is one of the basic requirements for creating a VLAN?

需要一个 VLAN，因为在交换机级别只有一个广播域，这意味着每当新用户连接时，该信息都会传播到整个网络。交换机上的 VLAN 有助于在交换机级别创建单独的广播域。它用于安全目的。

A VLAN is required because there is only one broadcast domain at the switch level, which means that whenever a new user connects, that information is propagated throughout the network. VLANs on switches help to create separate broadcast domains at the switch level. It is used for security purposes.

97)什么是 IPv6?

97) What is IPv6?

IPv6 或 Internet 协议版本 6 被开发以替代 IPv4。目前，IPv4 正在用于控制互联网流量，但 IPv4 已经饱和。IPv6 能够克服这个限制。

IPv6 or Internet Protocol version 6 was developed to replace IPv4. currently, IPv4 is being used to control internet traffic but IPv4 is saturated. ipv6 is able to overcome this limitation.

98)什么是 RSA 算法?

98) What is RSA algorithm?

RSA 是 Rivest-Shamir-Adleman 算法的缩写。它是目前最常用的公钥加密算法。

RSA stands for Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm. It is the most commonly used public key encryption algorithm.

99)什么是网格拓扑?

99) What is mesh topology?

网格拓扑是一种设置，其中每个设备都直接连接到网络上的每个其他设备。因此，它要求每个设备具有至少两个网络连接。

A mesh topology is a setup in which every device is directly connected to every other device on the network. As such, it requires each device to have at least two network connections.

100)100Base-FX 网络的最大段长度是多少?

100) What is the maximum segment length for a 100Base-FX network?

使用 100Base-FX 的网段的最大允许长度为 412 米。整个网络的最大长度为 5 公里。

The maximum allowable length of a segment using 100Base-FX is 412 meters. The maximum length of the entire network is 5 kilometers.

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